History & Strategy - ICNC Module 3 & 4

4 types of civil resistance campaigns:

• National Liberation
• Anti-Dictator
• Anti-Coup
• Self-Determination
• Anti-Colonial/ Occupation: 
• Civilian Safety/ Autonomy
• Against Armed Groups/ Violent Extremists
• Against Civil War
• Transitional Justice
• Against Organized Criminal Groups
• Defense & Expansion of Right Causes
• Women
• Labor
• Minority
• Indigenous
• Environmental: Bukidnon anti-logging
• Public Accountability
• Anti-corruption
• Against Abusive Corporations

1. Goal
2. Who and how they participated
3. Campaign's strategies & tactics
4. Opponents' responses
5. How successful

Done differently: tactics, training, responses to opponents' moves, who else involved, ...

1955 Montgomery bus boycott - 1965 Voting Rights Act

Nashville

1. Background:
1. 60 years after Gandhi, as segegrated as Johannesburg, Fisk University, American College
2. James Lawson (Methodist, Ohio): evening workshop on nonviolent actions
1. History: Roots in Christian thoughts
2. Experiment
2. Tactics:
1. How & why selected lunch counter
1. Peaceful sit, 25 people, 6 places, doing homework, no opposite sex sitting together
2. Leader & obserer (report back to church), telephone number & change
3. 3 waves, refused to bail
4. 98% black boycott, 40% loss business
5. Alexander Looby attorney's house bombed - shocked the city
6. Silent March campus to city hall, 1500 
2. Sequencing (march before sit-ins?)
3. Targets
4. Resources
3. Members roles
1. Local community
2. Youth
3. Students
4. How to mobilize
4. Ending campaign
1. Significance of decision of no official pronouncement
2. Strategic?
3. Value-based?
5. Success factors:
1. Skills
2. Adversarial conditions

1. protest and persuasion: demonstrations, marches, petitions, and vigils
2. noncooperation
1. Economic: boycotts and strikes
2. Political: violation of laws
3. nonviolent intervention: alternative or parallel social and political systems, hunger strikes, and sit-ins

WOMEN INVOLVEMENT

• increases the probability of a campaign's success as a function of peak participation
• Limited Frontline Women: 55%
• Moderate: 87% (at 1.5M)
• Extensive: 95% (at 1.5M) 
• increase in the probability of security force defections as a function of peak participation
• Women Org calling for peace: 67%  (at 1.5M)
• No Women Org calling for peace: 57%  (at 1.5M)
• decrease in the probability of breakdownin nonviolence discipline as a function of peak participation
• Women Org calling for peace: 10%  (at 1.5M)
• No Women Org calling for peace: 80% (at 1.5M)

[Source: Erica Chenoweth. 2019. “Women’s Participation and the Fate of Nonviolent Campaigns: A Report on the Women in Resistance (WiRe) Data Set.” One Earth Future Foundation, Broomfield, Colorado.]

How women wage conflict without violence | Julia Bacha

323 major political campaigns 1900 - 2006: nonviolent 100% more successful

• Predictor of nonviolence: role of women in public life
• Budrus village: Israel, 10-month unarmed struggle, green line in West Bank
• 1980s uprising in Gaza, First Infantada - Palestian men throwing rockets, strikes, sit-ins, parallel, popular committees, 97% activity unarmed, 18 months
• Naela Ayesh, grow vegetables - 
• Rabeha Diab: make decision when men detained
• Fatima: swallow leaflet
• Zahida Kamal: 25 - 2k in a year
• Septima Clark: racial struggle

STRATEGIES & TACTICS - HARDY MERRIMAN, FSI 2010

Vision: Goal

Campain: Phases, time frames, Recruitment campaign, Bus boycott campaign

Tactics: Specific actions

Mutually supportive

Concentrating on strengths rather than weaknesses

Know yourself, your opponent, terrain

3 core strategic principles

1. Unity: 
1. Purpose: diverse group coming together
2. Organization: leaders, organizers, activists, strategies & tactics
3. People: united with a sizeable portion of countries, domestic coalitions
1. Poland failed - intellectuals & labors
2. Parallel childcare cooperative to build capacity
2. Planning: Basis of strategic plan is fact
1. Analysis: self, other, third party, environment
2. Organizational structure: decentralized (leaders murdered), also phases of centralization
3. Develop campaigns
4. Tactical choice
3. Nonviolence discipline: less investment in arm
1. Training: 10 disciplines on demonstration, if you may get violent, assign people to do sth else
2. Risk assessment
3. Building organizational culture

Map out all the groups required to keep corporation working = targets

United Farm Workers - migrant farm workers, grape vineyards, tried strikes 1965 - 45 farms 3-4 months, allies in students & church groups --> shipping workers, shops, consumers = multiple points of pressure

Risks: High Medium Low

Concentrated (protest, concert) & Dispersed (boycott, general strike, wear symbol, worker slowdown)

 

Constructive work
Build movements